Psychiatry and Decolonization: Histories of Transcultural Psychiatry in the Twentieth Century.

This review essay explores recent historical and anthropological literature on the emergence and development of transcultural psychiatry in the second half of the twentieth century. It examines how postcolonial psychiatry attempted to remove itself from its erstwhile colonial frameworks and strove to introduce new concepts and paradigms to make itself relevant in the context of decolonization and postwar reconstruction. The essay looks at both continuities and discontinuities between colonial and post-colonial transcultural psychiatry, asking how the recent surge of scholarly literature in this field engaged with these issues. It also aims to identify the most important avenues for future research.

An all-embracing science: The anthropological conception of Paolo Mantegazza.

This paper deals with the anthropological conception of the first modern Italian anthropologist, Paolo Mantegazza (1831-1910). We will begin by contextualizing the status of anthropology in Italy during the second half of the 19th century. Subsequently, we will delve into some of the inspirations that led the Italians to have such a multifaceted conception of the discipline. Next, we will outline the content of this approach and clarify the meaning of "omnicomprehensive science." From there, we will come to understand the reason for the variety of interests of the anthropologist, who aimed to study the human being in all aspects of life. We will then mention the moral objective present in his professional journey: through an understanding of the complexity of human life, the anthropologist wanted to contribute to the progress and well-being of society; in other words, to "living well."

Shape variation in modern human upper premolars.

Morphological variation in modern human dentition is still an open field of study. The understanding of dental shape and metrics is relevant for the advancement of human biology and evolution and is thus of interest in the fields of dental anthropology, as well as human anatomy and medicine. Of concern is also the variation of the inner aspects of the crown which can be investigated using the tools and methods of virtual anthropology. In this study, we explored inter- and intra-population morphometric variation of modern humans' upper third and fourth premolars (P3s and P4s, respectively) considering both the inner and outer aspects of the crown, and discrete traits. We worked by means of geometric morphometrics on 3D image data from a geographically balanced sample of human populations from five continents, to analyse the shape of the dentinal crown, and the crown outline in 78 P3s and 76 P4s from 85 individuals. For the study of dental traits, we referred to the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System integrated with more recent classification systems. The 3D shape variation of upper premolar crowns varied between short and mesio-distally broad, and tall and mesio-distally narrow. The observed shape variation was independent from the geographical origin of the populations, and resulted in extensive overlap. We noted a high pairwise correlation (r1 = 0.83) between upper P3s and P4s. We did not find any significant geographic differences in the analysed non-metric traits. Our outcomes thus suggest that geographical provenance does not play a determinant role in the shaping of the dental crown, whose genesis is under strict genetic control.

Psychobiographical reflections on Viktor von Weizsäcker within the cultural framework of salutogenesis and medical anthropology.

This article explores the life of Viktor von Weizsäcker (VvW, 1886-1957), a German medical doctor, philosopher and founder of the Heidelberg School of Anthropological Medicine, from a psychobiographical and salutogenic perspective. The authors use salutogenesis and sense of coherence (SOC), and take crucial cultural, historical, and socio-structural frameworks into account to explore the life during the 19th and 20th Centuries in Germany. They present the exploration of a strong SOC in the life of VvW and show how SOC is created within the tight family bonds of the family clan, which has produced many extraordinary theologists, philosophers, scientists and politicians over six generations. In a complex, interconnected and holistic way, SOC is evident in von VvW's individual life, and is also shown to be a family resource. This article contributes to psychobiography in three ways: it develops the salutogenetic perspective in psychobiography, explores the life of VvW within a specific sociocultural context, and investigates the life from a salutogenetic and socio-cultural perspective. Finally, conclusions are drawn, and recommendations for theory and practice are given.

Extra/ordinary medicine: Toward an anthropology of primary care.

Primary care is at the forefront of healthcare delivery. It is the site of disease prevention and health management and serves as the bridge between communities and the health care system As ethnographers of primary care, in this article we discuss what is gained by situating anthropological inquiry within primary care. We articulate how anthropologists can contribute to a better understanding of the issues that emerge in primary care. We provide a review of anthropological work in primary care and offer empirical data from two ethnographic case studies based in the United States, one focused on social risk screening in primary care and the other examining the diagnosis and care of people with dementia in primary care. Through these cases, we demonstrate how research of and within primary care can open important avenues for the study of the multidimensionality of primary care. This multidimensionality is apparent in the ways the medical field addresses the social and structural experiences of patients, scope of practice and disciplinary boundaries, and the intersection of ordinary and extraordinary medicine that emerge in the care of patients in primary care.

Nutritional anthropology in the world.

Nutritional anthropology is the study of human subsistence, diet and nutrition in comparative social and evolutionary perspective. Many factors influence the nutritional health and well-being of populations, including evolutionary, ecological, social, cultural and historical ones. Most usually, biocultural approaches are used in nutritional anthropology, incorporating methods and theory from social science as well as nutritional and evolutionary science. This review describes approaches used in the nutritional anthropology of past and present-day societies. Issues of concern for nutritional anthropology in the world now include: understanding how undernutrition and food insecurity are produced at local, regional and international levels; how food systems are constructed using social, biological and biocultural perspectives; and obesity from a biocultural viewpoint. By critiquing framings of present-day diet in an evolutionary context, nutritional anthropology asks 'what should be eaten?', rather than 'what can be eaten?', and 'how cheaply can people be fed?'.

Female biased adult sex ratio in the Bronze Age cemetery of Shahr-i Sokhta (Iran) as an indicator of long distance trade and matrilocality.

OBJECTIVES: This paper starts from the unusual observation of the overrepresentation of females among adults in the cemetery of Bronze Age Shahr-i Sokhta (Seistan, Iran) and explores the post marital residence pattern. By integrating taphonomical (skeletal preservation), anthropological (sex ratio [SR], sexual dimorphism, stress indicators, age at death), archeological (long distance trade indicators, habitation floor area, social role of women), and ancient DNA (heterozygosity levels in X chromosomes) data we test the hypothesis of post marital matrilocality in the site. METHODS: We computed the SR (pelvis-based sex determination) in a random unpublished adult sample from the cemetery of Shahr-i Sokhta and in two samples previously published by other authors. We used comparative data on SR from: a large Supra Regional multi-chronological sample of sites, n = 47, with 8808 adult sexed individuals, from Southern Europe, Egypt, Middle East, Southern Russia; a Regional Bronze Age sample of sites (n = 10) from Bactria Margiana and Indus Valley with 1324 adult sexed individuals. We estimated the heterozygosity levels in X chromosomes compared with the rest of the autosomes on the assumption that in a matrilocal society females should show lower variability than men. RESULTS: Adult SR in a sample (n = 549) from Shahr-i Sokhta is 70.5, the overrepresentation of females is shared with Regional Bronze Age sites from Bactria Margiana (SR = 72.09) and Indus Valley (SR = 67.54). On the contrary, in a larger Supra Regional multi-chronological sample of sites, mean SR ranges between 112.7 (Bronze Age) and 163.1 (Middle Ages). Taphonomical and anthropological indicators do not explain the overrepresentation of female skeletons. Archeological indicators suggest a high social status of women and that the society was devoted to long range trade activities. heterozygosity levels in X chromosomes are in agreement with a matrilocal society. CONCLUSIONS: Indicators suggest that Bronze Age Shahr-ì Sokhta was a matrilocal society and that long distance trade was an important economic factor producing an overrepresentation of adult female skeletons in the cemetery.

Implicit and explicit: a scoping review exploring the contribution of anthropological practice in implementation science.

BACKGROUND: This study's goal is to identify the existing variation in how, why, and by whom anthropological practice is conducted as part of implementation science projects. As doctorally trained anthropologists, we sought to characterize how and why the term "ethnography" was variously applied in the implementation science literature and characterize the practice of anthropology within and across the field. METHODS: While we follow the PRISMA-ScR checklist, we present the work with a narrative approach to accurately reflect our review process. A health services librarian developed a search strategy using subject headings and keywords for the following databases: PubMed, Embase (Elsevier), Cochrane CENTRAL (Wiley), CIHAHL (EBSCO), PsycINFO (EBSCO), Web of Science Core Collection, and Anthropology Plus (EBSCO). We focused on the practice of anthropology in implementation research conducted in a healthcare setting, in English, with no date restrictions. Studies were included if they applied one or several elements of anthropological methods in terms of study design, data collection, and/or analysis. RESULTS: The database searches produced 3450 results combined after duplicates were removed, which were added to Rayyan for two rounds of screening by title and abstract. A total of 487 articles were included in the full-text screening. Of these, 227 were included and received data extraction that we recorded and analyzed with descriptive statistics in three main domains: (1) anthropological methods; (2) implementation science methods; and (3) study context. We found the use of characteristic tools of anthropology like ethnography and field notes are usually not systematically described but often mentioned. Further, we found that research design decisions and compromises (e.g., length of time in the field, logistics of stakeholder involvement, reconciling diverse firsthand experiences) that often impact anthropological approaches are not systematically described. CONCLUSIONS: Anthropological work often supports larger, mixed-methods implementation projects without being thoroughly reported. Context is essential to anthropological practice and implicitly fundamental to implementation research, yet the goals of anthropology and how its practice informs larger research projects are often not explicitly stated.

"Until death do us part". A multidisciplinary study on human- Animal co- burials from the Late Iron Age necropolis of Seminario Vescovile in Verona (Northern Italy, 3rd-1st c. BCE).

Animal remains are a common find in prehistoric and protohistoric funerary contexts. While taphonomic and osteological data provide insights about the proximate (depositional) factors responsible for these findings, the ultimate cultural causes leading to this observed mortuary behavior are obscured by the opacity of the archaeological record and the lack of written sources. Here, we apply an interdisciplinary suite of analytical approaches (zooarchaeological, anthropological, archaeological, paleogenetic, and isotopic) to explore the funerary deposition of animal remains and the nature of joint human-animal burials at Seminario Vescovile (Verona, Northern Italy 3rd-1st c. BCE). This context, culturally attributed to the Cenomane culture, features 161 inhumations, of which only 16 included animal remains in the form of full skeletons, isolated skeletal parts, or food offerings. Of these, four are of particular interest as they contain either horses (Equus caballus) or dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)-animals that did not play a dietary role. Analyses show no demographic, dietary, funerary similarities, or genetic relatedness between individuals buried with animals. Isotopic data from two analyzed dogs suggest differing management strategies for these animals, possibly linked to economic and/or ritual factors. Overall, our results point to the unsuitability of simple, straightforward explanations for the observed funerary variability. At the same time, they connect the evidence from Seminario Vescovile with documented Transalpine cultural traditions possibly influenced by local and Roman customs.

Biomechanics in anthropology.

Biomechanics is the set of tools that explain organismal movement and mechanical behavior and links the organism to the physicality of the world. As such, biomechanics can relate behaviors and culture to the physicality of the organism. Scale is critical to biomechanical analyses, as the constitutive equations that matter differ depending on the scale of the question. Within anthropology, biomechanics has had a wide range of applications, from understanding how we and other primates evolved to understanding the effects of technologies, such as the atlatl, and the relationship between identity, society, culture, and medical interventions, such as prosthetics. Like any other model, there is great utility in biomechanical models, but models should be used primarily for hypothesis testing and not data generation except in the rare case where models can be robustly validated. The application of biomechanics within anthropology has been extensive, and holds great potential for the future.

El banquete humano. A propósito de Hannibal Lecter y el canibalismo. El silencio de los corderos (1991) de Jonathan Demme / The human banquet. About Hannibal Lecter and cannibalism. The Silence of the Lambs (1991) by Jonathan Demme

El dragón rojo (1981) de Thomas Harris es la carta de presentación del perverso psiquiatra Hannibal Lecter, un psicópata asesino que brilla singularmente en el firmamento de los homicidas más abyectos de la historia del cine. Esta colección se completó con la publicación de El silencio de los corderos (1988), Hannibal (1999) y Hannibal: El origen del mal (2006), hasta ahora su última secuela. Fuente de inspiración cinematográfica, la saga se inició con la galardonada El silencio de los corderos (1991) de Jonathan Demme, continuada por Hannibal (2001) de Ridley Scott, El dragón rojo (2002) de Brett Ratner y Hannibal: El origen del mal (2007) de Peter Webber, si bien además existe una primera adaptación de la novela El dragón rojo titulada Hunter/Cazador de hombres (1986) de Michael Mann, donde los agentes del FBI se enfrentan con el temible asesino en serie Dr. Hannibal Lecktor (Brian Cox). Asimismo, el escritor y productor estadounidense Bryan Fuller creó la serie televisiva Hannibal (2013-2015), 39 episodios en los que el actor danés Mads Mikkelsen encarna al perverso antropófago. Independiente de sus connotaciones antropológicas, morales y culturales, la mayor parte de las conductas de canibalismo están relacionadas con trastornos psicóticos, como por ejemplo la esquizofrenia paranoica, cuando estos enfermos asesinan y se comen parte de los cuerpos de sus víctimas dentro de sus cuadros delirantes patológicos.(AU)

The Red Dragon (1981) by Thomas Harris is the introduction of the perverse psychiatrist Hannibal Lecter, a murdeous psychopath who shines singularly in the firmament of the most heinous murderers in the history of cinema. This collection was completed with the publication of The Silence of the Lambs (1988), Hannibal (1999) and Hannibal: The Origin of Evil (2006), until now its last sequel. A source of cinematographic inspirations, the saga began with the Oscar-winning The Silence of the Lambs (1991) by Jonathan Demme, followed by Hannibal (2001) by Ridley Scott, The Red Dragon (2002) by Brett Rainer, and Hannibal: The Origin of Evil (2007) by Peter Webber, although there is also a first adaptation of the novel The Red Dragon titled Manhunter (1986) by Michael Mann, where FBI agents confront the fearsome serial killer Dr. Hannibal Lecktor (Bryan Cox). Likewise, the American writer and producer Bryan Fuller created the television series Hannibal (2013-2015), 39 episodes in which the danish actor Mads Mikkelsen embodies the perverse cannibal. Regardless of its anthropological, moral and cultural connotations, most cannibalism behaviors are related to psychotic disorders, such as paranoid schyzophrenia, when this patients kill an d eat part of the bodies of their victims in their delusional pictures.(AU)

Wormian Bones: Prevalence, Topography, and Implications.

BACKGROUND: Wormian bones also known as sutural bones are asymmetrical and shapeless bones occurring in cranial sutures and fontanelle of the skull. Their incidence is reported to vary in population. The exact etiology is debatable, but their formation is under the control of both genetic and environmental factors and has great anthropological and clinical implications related to the cranium. Due to high clinical relevance of Wormian bones, the study was carried out. The aim of the study is to expound the incidence and topography of Wormian bones along with clinical significance in dry adult skulls of Indian origin. METHODS: The study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy using 200 complete adult dry skulls of unknown age and sex. All the sutures in the skull were inspected for the presence of Wormian bones. The Wormian bones were classified into 10 categories, and associated implications were brought out. The Wormian bones were photographed, and details were compared with the available literature. RESULTS: The Wormian bones were observed in 190 (380 sides) skulls with 186 on the right side and 108 on the left side. The predominance site of sutural bone was lambdoid suture followed by sagittal suture. The least common site of Wormian bone was lambda. CONCLUSION: The detailed information of precise topography, frequency, and number of Wormian bones is of utmost use for surgeons performing surgery on the skull, anthropologists for identifying races, and forensic scientists for investigating child abuse cases.

Ancient human dental calculus metadata collection and sampling strategies: Recommendations for best practices.

OBJECTIVES: Ancient human dental calculus is a unique, nonrenewable biological resource encapsulating key information about the diets, lifestyles, and health conditions of past individuals and populations. With compounding calls its destructive analysis, it is imperative to refine the ways in which the scientific community documents, samples, and analyzes dental calculus so as to maximize its utility to the public and scientific community. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our research team conducted an IRB-approved survey of dental calculus researchers with diverse academic backgrounds, research foci, and analytical specializations. RESULTS: This survey reveals variation in how metadata is collected and utilized across different subdisciplines and highlights how these differences have profound implications for dental calculus research. Moreover, the survey suggests the need for more communication between those who excavate, curate, and analyze biomolecular data from dental calculus. DISCUSSION: Challenges in cross-disciplinary communication limit researchers' ability to effectively utilize samples in rigorous and reproducible ways. Specifically, the lack of standardized skeletal and dental metadata recording and contamination avoidance procedures hinder downstream anthropological applications, as well as the pursuit of broader paleodemographic and paleoepidemiological inquiries that rely on more complete information about the individuals sampled. To provide a path forward toward more ethical and standardized dental calculus sampling and documentation approaches, we review the current methods by which skeletal and dental metadata are recorded. We also describe trends in sampling and contamination-control approaches. Finally, we use that information to suggest new guidelines for ancient dental calculus documentation and sampling strategies that will improve research practices in the future.

Developing evolutionary anthropology in local ecosystems.

The traditional regional focus of evolutionary anthropology-typically defined as places where hominin fossils, nonhuman primates, and non-western populations reside-forms the basis of much evolutionary anthropological research. Using the highly biodiverse temperate region of Appalachia as an example, we suggest that evolutionary anthropologists have much to gain by stepping outside of this traditional geographic area. Being purposely provocative, we argue that evolutionary anthropologists might also benefit from conducting research in Appalachia and other temperate ecosystems. We briefly discuss multiple areas of study-including studies of seed dispersal, functional redundancy, convergent evolution, human behavioral ecology, and conservation-and how they can be considered within the purview of integrative and evolutionary anthropology. We also highlight broader impacts to higher education that evolutionary anthropologists can help promote by working in local ecosystems.

Human behaviors driving disease emergence.

Interactions between humans, animals, and the environment facilitate zoonotic spillover-the transmission of pathogens from animals to humans. Narratives that cast modern humans as exogenous and disruptive forces that encroach upon "natural" disease systems limit our understanding of human drivers of disease. This review leverages theory from evolutionary anthropology that situates humans as functional components of disease ecologies, to argue that human adaptive strategies to resource acquisition shape predictable patterns of high-risk human-animal interactions, (2) humans construct ecological processes that facilitate spillover, and (3) contemporary patterns of epidemiological risk are emergent properties of interactions between human foraging ecology and niche construction. In turn, disease ecology serves as an important vehicle to link what some cast as opposing bodies of theory in human ecology. Disease control measures should consider human drivers of disease as rational, adaptive, and dynamic and capitalize on our capacity to influence ecological processes to mitigate risk.

Teoría y práctica del cuidado cultural: un recorrido desde el aula a las practicas asistenciales / Teoria e prática do cuidado cultural: um percurso da sala de aula às práticas de cuidado / Theory and practice of cultural care: a journey from the classroom to care practices

Goals: Understand the relationship that is established among professors, students and assistencial nurses, between the theory and practice of cultural care. Methods: Qualitative, hermeneutic, with a critical approach. A sociodemographic questionnaire, discussion groups and episodic interviews were used. Model: 34 participants: 6 teachers, 11 nurses and 17 students. Results: Three subjects were identified: 1. The theory and practice of cultural care in nursery: the learned knowledge. The cultural care is not formalized in the curriculum, some aspects from the cultural care are included in the theory of the courses. 2. Practice and theory of the cultural care in nursery: the lived experience. The rigid protocols and homogenizers from the health institutions were the major obstacle to specify along the practice of cultural care. 3: The relationship of theory and practice in nursery: what is recognized. Professors and nurses formers of human talent recognize their lack of preparation to form the students in cultural care. Conclusions: There is a breach between the theory and the practice around cultural care. It is required to include the cultural care in the curriculum and make it congruent with the theory and the practice, allowing the dialog of knowledge and surpassing not only the communication barriers, but attitudinal and institutional, which were found in thestudy.(AU)

Objetivo: Comprender la relación que establecen profesores, estudiantes y enfermeras asistenciales, entre teoría y práctica del cuidado cultural. Métodos: Cualitativo, hermenéutico, con enfoque crítico. Se utilizó cuestionario socio demográfico, grupos de discusión y entrevistas episódicas. Muestra: 34 participantes: 6 profesores, 11 enfermeras y 17 estudiantes. Resultados: Se identificaron tres temas: 1. Teoría y práctica del cuidado cultural en enfermería: lo aprendido. El cuidado cultural no está formalizado en el currículo, algunos aspectos del cuidado cultural son incluidos en la teoría de los cursos. 2. Práctica y teoría del cuidado cultural en enfermería: lo vivido. Los protocolos rígidos y homogeneizantes de las instituciones de salud fueron los mayores obstáculos para concretar en la práctica el cuidado cultural. 3. Relación entre la teoría y la práctica en Enfermería: lo reconocido. Los profesores reconocen su escasa preparación para formar a los estudiantes en el cuidado cultural. Conclusiones: Existe una fisura entre la teoría y la práctica en torno al cuidado cultural. Se requiere incluir el cuidado cultural en el currículo y hacerlo congruente con la teoría y la práctica, permitiendo el diálogo de saberes y superando no solo barreras comunicativas, sino actitudinales e institucionales, las cuales se encontraron presentes en el estudio.(AU)

Objetivo: compreender a relação que se estabelece por professores, alunos e enfermeiros, entre a teoria e a prática do cuidado cultural. Métodos: Qualitativo, hermenêutico, com abordagem crítica. Foram utilizados questionário sociodemográfico, grupos de discussão e entrevistas episódicas. Amostra: 34 participantes: 6 professores, 11 enfermeiros e 17 alunos.Resultados: foram identificados três temas: 1. Teoria e prática do cuidado cultural em enfermagem: o que foi aprendido. O cuidado cultural não está formalizado no currículo, alguns aspectos do cuidado cultural estão incluídos na teoria dos cursos. 2. Prática e teoria do cuidado cultural em enfermagem: o que tem sido vivenciado. Os protocolos rígidos e homogeneizadores das instituições de saúde foram os maiores obstáculos para a efetivação do cuidado cultural. 3. Relação teoria e prática em enfermagem: o que se reconhece. Professores e enfermeiras que treinam talentos humanos reconhecem que estão mal preparados para treinar alunos no cuidado cultural. Conclusões: Há uma lacuna entre a teoria e a prática em torno do cuidado cultural. É necessário incluir o cuidado cultural no currículo e tornálo congruente entre a teoria e a prática, permitindo o diálogo de saberes e a superação das barreiras não apenas comunicativas, mas também atitudinais e institucionais presentes no estudo.(AU)

el degeneracionismo al exterminio en la psiquiatría nazi. De Arthur de Gobineau y Benedict Morel a Emil Kraepelin y Ernst Rüdin / From degenerationism to extermination in nazi psychiatry. From Arthur de Gobineau and Benedict Morel to Emil Kraepelin and Ernst Rüdin

Este artículo analiza, a partir el vínculo entre psiquiatría y antropología, cómo se consolidó un discurso organicista capaz de legitimar el exterminio nazi y las políticas eugenésicas en los países democráticos. Partimos del degeneracionismo del siglo XIX y contrastamos la vertiente étnica y racial de Arthur de Gobineau con la vertiente alienista de Benedict Morel, hasta llegar a la síntesis de Cesare Lombroso. Visibilizamos el vínculo que Emil Kraepelin estableció entre la “degeneración” de los individuos y la de las razas, señalando al pueblo judío, como determinante en la consolidación científica de la Rassenhygiene en la que Adolf Hitler fundamentó su Mein Kampf. Destacamos como la justificación para “destruir la vida indigna de ser vivida”, que emergió desde el ensamblaje entre la psiquiatría y la justicia, fue determinante en la transición del III Reich entre la esterilización forzosa y el exterminio. Abordamos el Programa de Eutanasia forzosa a través del importante papel político de Ernst Rüdin, sucesor de Kraepelin y fundador de la psiquiatría genética. Concluimos que el nacionalsocialismo llevó a su máxima expresión la lógica de muerte inscrita en el degeneracionismo. Finalmente, tras una reflexión sobre las reacciones y alternativas de posguerra, destacamos la persistencia contemporánea tanto del determinismo biológico como de la desigualdad legal que marcaron el destino de las primeras víctimas del exterminio nazi.(AU)

This article analyses, from the link between psychiatry and anthropology, how an organicist discourse capable of legitimizing both, nazi extermination and eugenic policies in democratic countries, was consolidated. We depart from 19th century theory of degeneration and contrast the ethnic and racial facet of Arthur de Gobineau with the alienist facet of Benedict Morel, until reaching the synthesis of Cesare Lombroso. We highlight the link that Emil Kraepelin established between the “degeneration” of individuals and that of races, pointing out to the Jews, as determinative in the scientific consolidation of Rassenhygiene in which Adolf Hitler based its Mein Kampf. We stress the justification for “destroying life unworthy of live”, that emerged from the assemblage between psychiatry and justice, as determinant in the Third Reich transition between forced sterilization and extermination. We approach the forced Euthanasia Program through the important political role of Ernst Rüdin, Kraepelin’s successor and founder of genetic psychiatry. We conclude that National Socialism took to its maximum expression the logic of death inscribed in the theory of degeneration. Finally, after a reflection on post-war reactions and alternatives, we highlight the contemporary persistence of both biological determinism and legal inequality that marked the fate of the first victims of nazi extermination.(AU)

Evaluación métrica de caninos permanentes para la estimación sexual en la Colección “Prof. Dr. Rómulo Lambre”, Buenos Aires, Argentina / Metric evaluation of permanent canines for sexual estimation in the Collection “Prof. Dr. Romulo Lambre”, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Introducción la estimación del sexo es un aspecto fundamental de la labor forense, ya que constituye un paso obligatorio para la identificación de restos humanos de procedencia desconocida. El análisis metodológico de la dentición como estimador sexual reviste importancia debido al elevado grado de preservación de los dientes. Considerando la necesidad de contar con información concreta respecto del potencial de la dentición en la estimación del sexo en casos locales de Argentina, el objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar la propuesta previamente desarrollada por Luna (2019) en una muestra local de restos esqueléticos humanos. Materiales y métodos se seleccionó una muestra de 152 caninos permanentes pertenecientes a 98 individuos de ambos sexos que forman parte de la colección osteológica Profesor Dr. Rómulo Lambre (La Plata, Argentina). Posteriormente se aplicó la propuesta de Luna (2019) para la estimación del sexo a partir de la métrica de la corona y del cuello de los caninos, la cual considera las medidas directas y los diferentes tipos de funciones discriminantes y regresiones logísticas. Resultados de las medidas directas consideradas, solo el diámetro mesiodistal cervical ofreció resultados aceptables (>75%) para la estimación sexual. Asimismo, únicamente la función discriminante 1 presentó probabilidades a posteriori de clasificaciones correctas superiores a 0,75 y las regresiones logísticas 1 y 3 exhibieron resultados generales satisfactorios. Conclusiones esta propuesta basada en el estudio métrico de caninos permanentes constituye una alternativa metodológica adecuada en situaciones en las cuales los elementos óseos diagnósticos del sexo se encuentran deteriorados o ausentes. (AU)

Introduction Sex estimation is a fundamental aspect of forensic work as a mandatory step for the identification of human remains of unknown origin. The methodological analysis of the dentition as a sexual estimator is important due to its high degree of preservation. Considering the need for specific information regarding the potential of dentition for sex estimation in forensic cases from Argentina, the aim of this study is to evaluate the proposal previously developed by Luna (2019) in a local sample of human skeletal remains. Materials and methods A sample of 152 permanent canines belonging to 98 individuals of both sexes was selected- The individuals belong to the Prof. Dr. Rómulo Lambre osteological collection (La Plata, Argentina). Luna's proposal (2019) was applied to estimate sex from canine crown and neck metrics, which considers direct measurements and different types of discriminant functions and logistic regressions. Results Only the cervical mesiodistal diameter showed acceptable results (>75%) for sex estimation. Moreover, discriminant function 1 showed a posteriori probabilities of correct classifications greater than 0.75 and logistic regressions 1 and 3 offered acceptable overall results. Conclusions This proposal based on the metric recording of permanent canines constitutes an adequate methodological alternative in situations in which the diagnostic bone elements of sex are deteriorated or absent. (AU)